Hanji, Korea’s Traditional Paper: Its Origins and Global Significance

Traditional Hanji, Versatile Enough to Be Used for the Windows of Gyeongbokgung Palace

Hanji: The Traditional Korean Paper Gaining Recognition in French and Italian Museums

 Dear readers, greetings!

Today, I would like to share with you the story of Hanji, the traditional Korean paper.

Not only has the Louvre Museum in France begun using Hanji for the restoration of cultural heritage, but Italy’s ICPAL (Istituto Centrale per la Patologia degli Archivi e del Libro) has also successfully restored five cultural artifacts using Hanji.

Until recently, many countries primarily used Washi, the traditional Japanese paper, for such work. However, it seems that nations around the world are now beginning to recognize the remarkable durability of Hanji, which can last for over a thousand years.

Let us now begin this fascinating story.

The Invention of Paper and the Birth of Korean Hanji

According to historical records, paper was invented by Cai Lun of the Han Dynasty in China. Later, Damjing, a Buddhist monk and artist from Goguryeo (an ancient Korean kingdom), is recorded to have transmitted the papermaking technique to Japan. Although there is no clear documentation regarding how papermaking technology spread into Korea, it is widely believed that the country independently developed and refined its own unique method, giving birth to Hanji, a traditional Korean paper. This history reflects how East Asian papermaking techniques, while originating from a shared root, evolved distinctly in each region.

A key differentiating factor is the material. While traditional Chinese paper often uses bamboo fibers, Hanji is made primarily from the bark of the paper mulberry tree (called "Dak"). This unique material gives Hanji its signature durability, breathability, and smooth texture.

The Characteristics That Set Hanji Apart

Hanji is not merely a writing material; it is a living cultural artifact. Its most distinctive traits include:

• Durability: Hanji can last over a thousand years without significant deterioration. This makes it ideal for preserving important documents, records, and artworks.

• Breathability: Hanji allows air and moisture to pass through, reducing mold growth and preserving written or printed contents for a long time.

• Absorption and Soft Texture: The paper absorbs ink evenly, creating beautiful calligraphy and artwork, while its soft texture prevents tears and creases.

Such features make Hanji not only a practical material but also one that embodies aesthetic and philosophical values deeply rooted in Korean culture.

The Uses of Hanji: Past and Present

Historically, Hanji was used for various purposes:

• Literature and Official Documents: Government records and religious texts were written on Hanji due to its durability.

• Everyday Life: It was used to make window paper (Changhoji), lanterns, fans, and even armor during wartime.

• Art and Craft: Artists used Hanji for calligraphy, painting, and crafts like Jiseung (twisting Hanji into ropes or baskets) and Hanji dolls.

Today, Hanji has expanded beyond traditional uses:

• Restoration: Hanji is used worldwide for restoring old books, documents, and paintings.

• Interior Design: Hanji wallpapers and lighting are appreciated for their natural aesthetic and health benefits.

• Eco-Friendly Products: As a biodegradable and renewable material, Hanji is gaining attention in the eco-conscious design industry.

The Philosophical Beauty of Hanji

Hanji reflects the philosophy of harmony with nature. The process of making Hanji involves:

1. Harvesting the Dak tree bark without harming the plant

2. Boiling, beating, and filtering the fibers by hand

3. Drying the sheets under natural sunlight

This labor-intensive process highlights Korea’s traditional reverence for nature and craftsmanship. Each sheet of Hanji is the result of patience, care, and respect for the materials.

Global Recognition and the Future of Hanji

As the world grows more aware of sustainable and traditional crafts, Hanji has received increasing international interest. Korean cultural centers and artisans abroad are introducing Hanji through exhibitions, workshops, and academic research. UNESCO has also acknowledged its cultural value through intangible cultural heritage designations linked to Korean paper arts.

However, modern industrialization and digitalization have led to a decline in demand for traditional paper. To address this, Korean artisans, scholars, and designers are working together to create new applications and reinterpret Hanji for contemporary needs.

These efforts include:

• Collaborations with fashion and textile designers

• Integration into luxury packaging and high-end stationery

• International art projects using Hanji-based media

Conclusion: Hanji as a Bridge Between Tradition and Innovation

Hanji is more than just traditional paper; it is a cultural symbol that connects Korea’s past with its future. From royal records of the Joseon Dynasty to today’s eco-friendly art installations, Hanji continues to evolve while retaining its original spirit.

As global attention toward sustainability and heritage crafts grows, Hanji stands as a meaningful reminder that true innovation often begins by looking back—with care, respect, and a deep appreciation for nature and tradition.

If you ever have the opportunity to visit Jeonju or Andong in Korea, I warmly recommend experiencing Hanji-making and attending a Hanji festival. Thank you.